Prevalence Of Hypertension And Associated Variables In PaidWorkers In Ilorin, Nigeria

The enormous burden of hypertension worldwide and in Africa, informed the decision to measure the blood pressure pattern in salaried workers in Ilorin,Nigeria.These were selected, as they resemble closely those that are likely to be affected bywestern style living. It was a cross-sectional study that involved staff of both government and a private organisation in Ilorin, Nigeria. Two hundred and eighty one subjects, comprising of 211 males and 70 females were recruited into the study. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)were determined. The prevalence of hypertension was 27.1% in the population, being 28.4% in males and 22.9% in females. Mean SBP and DBP were significantly higher in females (SBP; 139.59mmHg ± 20.84, DBP; 86.92mmHg ± 10.96) than inmales (SBP; 127.39mmHg ± 19.55,DBP; 82.16mmHg). P< 0.05.The prevalence of hypertension increasedwith age and BMI.Age was correlated to SBP, (r = 0.355, P< 0.01)DBP, (r = 0.322, P < 0.01) and BMI (r = 0.143, P < 0.05). Obesity prevalence was 13.2% consisting of males (5.3%) and females (7.8%). Prevalence of diabetesmellituswas similar in both sexes at 1.5%. There is a high prevalence of hypertension among salary earners in Ilorin, Nigeria and this is commoner among males. The degree of increase in BP is worse in female workers. Obesity is on the upward climb in our society and should be addressed early in order to curtail its associatedmorbidities. Keywords: Hypertension, Paid Workers,Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 11 (4) 2008: pp. 342-34

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Nigeria in 1995 and 2020: A systematic analysis of current evidence

Improved understanding of the current burden of hypertension, including awareness, treatment, and control, is needed to guide relevant preventative measures in Nigeria. A systematic search of studies on the epidemiology of hypertension in Nigeria, published on or after January 1990, was conducted. The authors employed randomeffects meta-analysis on extracted crude hypertension prevalence, and awareness, treatment, and control rates. Using a meta-regression model, overall hypertension cases in Nigeria in 1995 and 2020 were estimated. Fifty-three studies (n = 78 949) met our selection criteria. Estimated crude prevalence of pre-hypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg) in Nigeria was 30.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.0%-39.7%), and the crude prevalence of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) was 30.6% (95% CI: 27.3%-34.0%). When adjusted for age, study period, and sample, absolute cases of hypertension increased by 540% among individuals aged ≥20 years from approximately 4.3 million individuals in 1995 (age-adjusted prevalence 8.6%, 95% CI: 6.5-10.7) to 27.5 million individuals with hypertension in 2020 (age-adjusted prevalence 32.5%, 95% CI: 29.8-35.3). The age-adjusted prevalence was only significantly higher among men in 1995, with the gap between both sexes considerably narrowed in 2020. Only 29.0% of cases (95% CI: 19.7-38.3) were aware of their hypertension, 12.0% (95% CI: 2.7-21.2) were on treatment, and 2.8% (95% CI: 0.1-5.7) had at-goal blood pressure in 2020. Our study suggests that hypertension prevalence has substantially increased in Nigeria over the last two decades. Although more persons are aware of their hypertension status, clinical treatment and control rates, however, remain low. These estimates are relevant for clinical care, population, and policy response in Nigeria and across Africa

Estimating the burden of selected non-communicable diseases in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence

Background The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rapidly increasing globally, and particularly in Africa, where the health focus, until recently, has been on infectious diseases. The response to this growing burden of NCDs in Africa has been affected owing to a poor understanding of the burden of NCDs, and the relative lack of data and low level of research on NCDs in the continent. Recent estimates on the burden of NCDs in Africa have been mostly derived from modelling based on data from other countries imputed into African countries, and not usually based on data originating from Africa itself. In instances where few data were available, estimates have been characterized by extrapolation and over-modelling of the scarce data. It is therefore believed that underestimation of NCDs burden in many parts of Africa cannot be unexpected. With a gradual increase in average life expectancy across Africa, the region now experiencing the fastest rate of urbanization globally, and an increase adoption of unhealthy lifestyles, the burden of NCDs is expected to rise. This thesis will, therefore, be focussing on understanding the prevalence, and/or where there are available data, the incidence, of four major NCDs in Africa, which have contributed highly to the burden of NCDs, not only in Africa, but also globally. Methods I conducted a systematic search of the literature on three main databases (Medline, EMBASE and Global Health) for epidemiological studies on NCDs conducted in Africa. I retained and extracted data from original population-based (cohort or cross sectional), and/or health service records (hospital or registry-based studies) on prevalence and/or incidence rates of four major NCDs in Africa. These include: cardiovascular diseases (hypertension and stroke), diabetes, major cancer types (cervical, breast, prostate, ovary, oesophagus, bladder, Kaposi, liver, stomach, colorectal, lung and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma). From extracted crude prevalence and incidence rates, a random effect meta-analysis was conducted and reported for each NCD. An epidemiological model was applied on all extracted data points. The fitted curve explaining the largest proportion of variance (best fit) from the model was further applied. The equation generated from the fitted curve was used to determine the prevalence and cases of the specific NCD in Africa at midpoints of the United Nations (UN) population 5-year age-group population estimates for Africa. Results From the literature search, studies on hypertension had the highest publication output at 7680, 92 of which were selected, spreading across 31 African countries. Cancer had 9762 publications and 39 were selected across 20 countries; diabetes had 3701 publications and 48 were selected across 28 countries; stroke had 1227 publications and 19 were selected across 10 countries; asthma had 790 publications and 45 were selected across 24 countries; and COPD had the lowest output with 243 publications and 13 were selected across 8 countries. From studies reporting prevalence rates, hypertension, with a total sample size of 197734, accounted for 130.2 million cases and a prevalence of 25.9% (23.5, 34.0) in Africa in 2010. This is followed by asthma, with a sample size of 187904, accounting for 58.2 million cases and a prevalence of 6.6% (2.4, 7.9); COPD, with a sample size of 24747, accounting for 26.3 million cases and a prevalence of 13.4% (9.4, 22.1); diabetes, with a sample size of 102517, accounting for 24.5 million cases and a prevalence of 4.0% (2.7, 6.4); and stroke, with a sample size of about 6.3 million, accounting for 1.94 million cases and a prevalence of 317.3 per 100000 population (314.0, 748.2). From studies reporting incidence rates, stroke accounted for 496 thousand new cases in Africa in 2010, with a prevalence of 81.3 per 100000 person years (13.2, 94.9). For the 12 cancer types reviewed, a total of 775 thousand new cases were estimated in Africa in 2010 from registry-based data covering a total population of about 33 million. Among women, cervical cancer and breast cancer had 129 thousand and 81 thousand new cases, with incidence rates of 28.2 (22.1, 34.3) and 17.7 (13.0, 22.4) per 100000 person years, respectively. Among men, prostate cancer and Kaposi sarcoma closely follows with 75 thousand and 74 thousand new cases, with incidence rates of 14.5 (10.9, 18.0) and 14.3 (11.9, 16.7) per 100000 person years, respectively. Conclusion This study suggests the prevalence rates of the four major NCDs reviewed (cardiovascular diseases (hypertension and stroke), diabetes, major cancer types, and chronic respiratory diseases (COPD and asthma) in Africa are high relative to global estimates. Due to the lack of data on many NCDs across the continent, there are still doubts on the true prevalence of these diseases relative to the current African population. There is need for improvement in health information system and overall data management, especially at country level in Africa. Governments of African nations, international organizations, experts and other stakeholders need to invest more on NCDs research, particularly mortality, risk factors, and health determinants to have evidenced-based facts on the drivers of this epidemic in the continent, and prompt better, effective and overall public health response to NCDs in Africa

The role of abnormal body weight and plasma lipids in male Infertility in iIorin, Nigeria.

Objectives: This study aimed at determining the relationship between plasma lipids, body mass index (BMI) and fertility status, in husbands of women undergoing investigation for infertility. Methods: Fourty-seven men, who were the husbands of women that attended our Infertility Clinic, were recruited for this study. The subjects seminal fluid were analysed using standard criteria. Fasting blood samples were also analysed for plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated was from the subjects\' body weight and height. Mean values and percentage were compared using student t-test and chi square, respectively. Results: Twenty-three subjects (48.9%) had oligosperimia, while 11 (23.4%) were azoospermic. The mean plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride were 3.8mmol/L + 0.8 and 0.9mmol/L + 0.6 respectively. The mean BMI was 24.0Kg/m2 + 4.0. Subjects with low or high BMI had poorer spermogram. This was worse in those in the 30-39 years age bracket. However, the differences in mean values of seminal fluid analyses in the different age groups were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, subjects with both extremes of BMI had poor spermograms. There were no abnormalities in the plasma TC and TG. Keywords: Male infertility, Spermogram, Body mass indexSahel Medical Journal Vol. 10 (3) 2007: pp. 93-9

Prevalence of Obesity Among Diabetics in Ilorin, Middle Belt of Nigeria

In order to determine the prevalence of obesity among patients with diabetes from the Middle Belt region of Nigeria, a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital's diabetic clinic was carried out. Three hundred and fifteen patients were included in the study. The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 80 years. Seventy-one percent of the patients were females and over 80% were above the age of 40years. 69.8%, 27% and 3.2% of the patients ha d diabetes for less than 10years, 10 - 20 years and more than 20years, respectively. Only 17.5% of the patients were treated with insulin. Overweight (grade I obesity) and obesity (grade II obesity) were present in 71.1% of females and 55.3% of males, respectively. People on dietary management alone had significantly higher

Glycated haemoglobin and glycaemic control of diabetics in Ilorin

No Abstract

Plasma lipids pattern in hypertensives on treatment in Illorin, Nigeria

Hypertension, a major cause of CVD, is frequently associated with dyslipidaemia and overweight. These risk factors have sex differences that need local study. This work aims to evaluate the pattern of plasma lipids and BMI in male and female hypertensives. Fifty hypertensives attending the Cardiology Clinic of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, and fifty sex matched controls, were involved in the study. Conditions that can cause dyslipidaemia were ruled out in the subjects. Plasma TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and BMI were determined. Plasma TC (4.80mmol/L ± 2.27 vs. 3.20mmol/L), HDL-C (1.16mmol/L ± 0.37 vs. 0.93mmol/L ± 0.41), LDL-C (3.62mmol/L ± 1.30 vs. 2.28mmol/L ± 1.01) and BMI (27.20kg/m2 ± 6.57 vs. 23.37kg/m2 ± 4.75) were higher in hypertensives. Plasma TG (1.14mmol/L ± 0.71 vs. 0.83mmol/L ± 0.29) and HDL-C (1.22mmol/L ± 0.42 vs. 1.05mmol/L ± 0.25) were higher in female hypertensives than in male hypertensives. Management of hypertension in our environment should involve the screening and control of dyslipidaemia and overweight. It should recognize possible differences in the pattern of dyslipidaemia. The finding of higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C in male hypertensives, suggest that they are more likely to have poorer lipid pattern than females. Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 49(1&2) 2006: 3-

The pattern of plasma lipid profile in untreated and treated hyjpertensives in Ilorin, Nigeria

No Abstract.Tropical Journal of Health Sciences Vol. 14 (2) 2007: pp.31-3

Seminal Fluid Analysis And Biophysical Profile: Findings And Relevance In Infertile Males In Ilorin, Nigeria

To determine if there was a bearing of body mass index (BMI) on male infertility, a cross-sectional study of males of infertile couples, attending our infertility clinic was carried out. Apart from BMI determination, the semens of these men were analyzed to ascertain their spermogram. Out of 47 men involved in the study, 66% (31) were below 40 years of age. Seventeen (36.2%) of these were between 30-39 years. About 49% of the study subjects had oligospermia, while 23.4% were azoospermic. Those subjects between 30-39 years had the worse spermogram. Thirty-two (68.1%) and 15(31.9%) of the whole population had good spermatozoa motility and morphology respectively. Poor BMI, whether low or elevated, affected the semen quality. In conclusion, infertile males should be encouraged to seek help early. Attending clinician should pay attention to their past or present genital infections and the biophysical parameters. Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2004; 5 (3): 280-28

The role of clinical pathologists in the management of male infertility

Male infertility is receiving increasing attention in Africa as up to 50% of cases of infertility are ascribed to it. In the management of this condition, the clinical laboratory plays a crucial role especially in the proper identification of causes of infertility. The role of the pathologists in this respect stems from the choice of laboratory equipment, reagents, type of samples needed, proper sample collection and its preparation. Added to these functions, the pathologist should help in the proper selection of required tests so as to ensure optimum diagnosis and treatment efficiency. Semen analysis is the first test required in the laboratory assessment of the infertile male. The obtained spermogram serves as the pivot for further tests which include hormonal assays, tissue studies and karyotyping. There is a disturbing high prevalence of azoospermia among Nigerians. The expected laboratory evaluation and treatment of such patients and others with abnormal spermogram are discussed in this review. Key Words: Male infertility, review. Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. Vol.6(1) 2005: 69-7